تاثیر سه فرمول تجاری نیم‌بسیدین، نیم‌آزال و کوفا از ترکیب گیاهی چریش روی مراحل زیستی سفیدبالک گلخانه‌ Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) و زنبور پارازیتوئید آن‌ Encarsia formosa

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

2 بخش گیاه‌پزشکی،مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان‌ غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

با توجه به اثرات سوء کاربرد بی­رویه سموم شیمیایی و مشکلات باقیمانده آن در محصولات گلخانه­ای که سلامت مصرف کننده و صادرات را تهدید می­کند، استفاده از جایگزین­های کم­خطر نظیر ترکیبات گیاهی و عوامل بیولوژیک را ضروری ساخته است. ینابراین، در این تحقیق اثر سه فرمول تجاری ترکیب گیاهی چریش (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) شامل نیم­بسیدین (Nimbecidine)، نیم­آزال (Neem­Azal T/S) و کوفا (Kofa)، روی مراحل زیستی سفیدبالک گلخانه­ Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem: Aleyrodidae) و زنبور پارازیتوئید آن­Gahan  Encarsia formosa مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در ارزیابی اثر کشندگی سه فرمول تجاری بیشترین اثر کشندگی بعد از 7 روز روی تخم با LC50 معادل 71/774 پی­پی­ام در فرمول نیم­بسیدین مشاهده شد. نیم­بسدین بعد از 72 ساعت روی پوره سن سوم و حشره کامل به­ترتیب با LC50 معادل 89/402 و 51/655 پی­پی­ام بیشترین اثر کشندگی را نشان داد. تاثیر مشابه روی زنبور پارازیتوئید حاصل شد. در ارزیابی ترجیح تخم­ریزی زنبور E. formosa به روش­انتخابی و غیر­انتخابی تمایل زنبور به پوره­های تیمار شاهد بیشتر از تیمار فرمول­ها بود و در بین فرمول­ها بیشترین تخم­ریزی زنبور پارازیتوئید در فرمول تجاری کوفا مشاهده شد (66/42 درصد). نتایج این بررسی نشان داد هر سه فرمول تجاری قابلیت به­کارگیری در مدیریت تلفیقی این آفت را دارند و در هنگام ظهور و به­کارگیری زنبور پارازیتوئید E. formosa فرمول تجاری کوفا و در شرایط عدم حضور و فعالیت زنبور پارازیتوئید فرمول نیم­بسیدین قابل توصیه می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of three commercial formulations includes Nimbecidine, Neem‌Azal T/S and Kofa from plant compound of neem on the biological stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Nikakhtar 1
  • Sh. Aramideh 1
  • Sh. Mirfakhraie 1
  • M. Frouzan 2
1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Plant Protection Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Due to the effects of overuse of chemical pesticides and the residual problems in greenhouse products that threaten the health of consumers and exports, the use of low-risk alternatives such as plant compounds and biological agents has become necessary. Therefore, in this research, the effect of three commercial formulations of neem plant­ (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) composition, including Nimbecidine, NeemAzal T/S and Kofa was evaluated on the biological stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), and its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan. In evaluating the lethal effect of three commercial formulations, the highest lethal effect on eggs after 7 days related to Nimbecidine formula with LC50 equal to 774.71 ppm. The highest lethal effect on 3rd nymphal stage and adult whitefly after 72 hours with LC50 equal to 402.89 and 655.51 ppm in Nimbecidine formula were observed, respectively. A similar effect was obtained on parasitoid. In evaluating the oviposition preference of E. formosa for by choice and non-choice methods, the tendency of E. formosa to control was more than the formulas. The highest probability of oviposition of parasitoid in Kofa formula was observed (%42.66). The results of this study showed that all three formulas can be used in integrated management of this pest and when the emergence and use of E. formosa parasitoid, Kofa formula and in the absence of parasitoid, Nimbecidine formula is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Neem trademark formulation
  • oviposition preference
  • parasitoid
  • toxicity
  • whitefly
Abdul Aziz, S. A. and Henry, S. B. 1992. Pest management and the environment in 2000. C.A.B. International Agriculture Institute, Malaysia, 401 p.
Ahmad, S., Ansari, M. S. and Muslim, M. 2015. Toxic effects of neem based insecticides on the fitness of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Crop Protection 68: 72–78.
Askari Seyahooei, M., Talepour, F. and Ghosii, R. 2015. Study on the effects of aqueous neem seed extract on the leaf damage and longevity of 2nd instar nymph and adult stages of Retithrips syriacusBioControl in Plant Protection 2(2): 35-46. (In Farsi)
Avery, P. B., Faull, J. and Simmonds M. S. J. 2008. Effects of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Encarsia formosa on the control of the greenhouse whitefly: preliminary assessment of a compatibility study. Bio Control 53: 303-316.
Basit, M., Saeed, S., Ahmad, M. and Sayyed, A. H. 2013. Can resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) be overcome with mixtures of neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators? Crop Protection 44: 135-141.
Beard, J., Sladden, T., Morgan, G., Berry, G., Brooks, L. and Mc Michael, A. 2003. Health impacts of pesticide exposure in a cohort of outdoor workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(5): 724 -730.
Bhardwaj, A. K. and Ansari, B. A. 2015. Effect of Nimbecidine and Neemazal on the developmental programming of cotton pest, Earias vittella. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 3(1): 38-42
Bi, J. L. and Toscano, N. C. 2007. Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in southern California. Pest Management Science 63(8): 747-752.
Capinera, J. L. 2008. Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In: Capinera JL (ed) Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1723- 1726.
Carvalho, S. S., Vendramim J. D., Pitta R. M. and Forim M. R. 2012. Efficiency of neem oil nanoformulations to Bemisia tabaci (GENN.) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Semina: Ciencias Agrarias 33(1): 193 -201.
Collier, T., Kelly, S. and Hunter, M. 2002. Egg size, intrinsic competition, and lethal interference in the parasitoids Encarsia pergandiella and Encarsia formosa. Biological Control 23(3): 254-261.
Coudriet, D. L., Prabhaker, N. and Meyerdirk, D. E. 1985. Sweet potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Effects of neem-seed extract on oviposition and immature stages. Environmental Entomology 14(6): 776-779.
Cuthbertson, A. G. S., Buxton, J. H., Blackburn, L. F., Mathers, J. J., Robinson, K., Powell, M. E., Fleming, D. A. and Bell, H. A. 2012. Eradicating Bemisia tabaci Q on poinsettia plants in the UK. Crop Protection 42: 42-48.
Desneux, N., Decourtye, A. and Delpuech, J. M., 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52: 81-106.
Drobnjakovic, T., Marcic, D., Prijovic, M., Peric, P., Milenkovic, S. and Boskovic, J. 2018. Sublethal effects of NeemAzal-T/S botanical insecticide on Dutch and Serbian populations of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 28(1): 1-19.
Fahim, M., Safaralizadeh, M. H. and Safavi, S. A. 2012. Evaluation of the sensitivity of the egg, nymph and adult greenhouse whitefly against of essential oils of mint and cumin in laboratory conditions. Journal of Agricultural Acknowledge and Sustainable Production 22(3): 27-35. (In Farsi)
Fazeli-Dinan, M., Talaei-Hassanloui, R. and Allahyari, H. 2016. Host preference of Encarsia formosa (Hym.: Aphelinidae) towards untreated and Lecanicillium longisporum-treated Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hem.: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 19(4): 1145-1150.
Gahukar, R. T. 2000. Use of neem products/pesticides in cotton pest management. International Journal of Pest Management 46(2): 149-160.
Gahukar, R. T. 2014. Factors affecting content and bio efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) phytochemicals used in agricultural pest control: a review. Crop Protection 62: 93-99.
Ghazawy, N. A., Awad, H. H. and Rahman, K. M. A. 2010. Effects of azadirachtin on embryological development of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 19: 327-332.
Gholamzadeh, M., Ghadamyari, M., Salehi, L. and Hoseininaveh, V. 2012. Effects of amitraz, buprofezin and propargite on some fitness parameters of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa (Hym.: Aphelinidae), using life table and IOBC methods. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 31(2): 1-14.
Gnanamani, R. and Dhanasekaran, S. 2013. Growth inhibitory effects of azadirachtin against Pericallia ricini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). World Journal of Zoology 8 (2): 185-191.
Heibatian, A., Yarahmadi, F. and Lotfi Jalal Abadi, A. 2018. Field efficacy of biorational insecticides, azadirachtin and Bt, on Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its carabid predators in the sugar beet fields. Journal of Crop Protection 7 (4): 365-373.
Heidari, A. 2019. Efficacy of the EC 1.28% formulation of Neem, Azadirachta indica, on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in laboratory and field conditions. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection 34(1): 85-93.
Heidari, A., Kishani Farahani, H. and Fathipour, Y. 2016. Effects of Buprofezin, Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin on some foraging behaviors of Encarsia formosa, Journal of Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 83(2): 97-110. (In Farsi)
Horowitz, A. R., Kontsedalov, S. and Ishaaya, I. 2004. Dynamics of resistance to the neonicotinoids actamiprid and thiamethoxam in Bemisia tabaci. Insecticides Resistance and Resistance Management 97(6): 2051-2056.
Hosseininia, A., Khanjani, M., Khoobdel, M. and Javadi Khederi, S. 2017. Compare the efficiency of the current oils and insecticide compounds in control of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) on rose and their interaction. Journal of Plant Protection 30(4): 718-726. (In Farsi)
Isman, M. B. 2006. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 45-66.
Khattak, M. K., Mamoon-ur-Rashid, S. A. S. and Islam, H. T. 2006. Comparative effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil, neem seed water extract and Baythroid TM against whitefly, jassids and thrips on cotton. Detail 1(T6): T7.
Koul, O., Shankar, J. S. and Mehta. N. 1997. Antifeedant activity of neem seed extracts and azadirachtin to cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 35: 994-997.
Koul, O. 1999. Insect growth regulating and antifeedant effects of neem extracts and azadirachtin on two aphid species of ornamentals plants. Journal of Bioscience 24(1): 85-90.
Lingaiah, T., Krishnaiah, N. V., Kumar, K. M., Katti, G., Krishnaiah, K. and Pasalu, I. C. 1999. Antifeedant effect of neem formulations against rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Hispa, Dicladispa armigera. Pesticide Research Journal 11(1): 93-96.
Menke, S. and Gerhard, D. 2010. Detection of a related difference in efficacy of azadirachtin treatments for the control of whiteflies on Gerbera jamesonii by testing for interactions in generalized linear models. Pest Management Science: Formerly Pesticide Science 66(4): 358-364.
Muñiz-Reyes, E., Ramos Barreto, C. A., Rodríguez-Hernández, C. and Ortega-Arenas, L. D. 2016. Nim biological activity on adult whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Aleyrodidae) West. Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Agrícolas 7(6): 1283-1295.
Naqqash, M. N., Gökçe, A., Bakhsh, A. and Salim, M. 2016. Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests. Parasitology Research 115(4): 1363-1373.
Naveh, F. H., Pourmirza, A. and Alizadeh, M. H. S. 2010. An evaluation of lethal effects of pirimicarb, citowett oil and their mixture on greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) under greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 41(1): 95-101. (In Farsi)
Puri, S. N., Bhosle, B. B., Ilyas, M., Butler Junior, G. D. and Henneberry, T. J. 1994. Detergents and plant-derived oils for control of the sweetpotato whitefl y on cotton. Crop Protection 13: 45-48,
Robertson, J. L., Russel, R. M., Preisler, H. K. and Savin, N. E. 2007. Bioassays with Arthropods. CRC Press. New York, 224 p.
Sami, A. J., Bilal, S., Khalid, M., Shakoori, F. R, Rehman, F. and Shakoori A. R. 2016. Effect of crude neem (Azadirachta indica) powder and azadirachtin on the growth and Acetylcholinesterase activity of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 48 (3): 881-886.
Santon, J. P., Prates, H. T., Waquil, J. M. and Olivera, A. B. 1997. Evalution of plant-origin substance on the control of stored product pests. Sete lagoas, Brazil; centro Nation de milho e Sorgo (CNPMS), Journal of Agricultural Entomology 86(10): 185- 194.
Seyyedi-Sahebari, F., Shirazi, J., Mohajer, A. and Taghizadeh, M. 2021. Control of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae on oilseed rape using none chemical products in East Azerbaijan province. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection 10 (2): 63-69.
Shafaei, E., Hosseinzadeh, A., Ghassemi-Kahrizeh, A. and Aramideh, Sh. 2021. Lethal effects of insecticides of emamectin, spinosad, buprofezin and imidacloprid on egg and third instar nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum West. and it’s parasitoid (Encarsia formosa Gahan). Plant Pests Research 11(2): 25-38. (In Farsi)
Sherratt, T. N. and Harvey, I. F. 1993. Frequency dependent food selection by arthropods: A Review Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 48: 167-186.
Shu, B., Zhang, J., Cui, G., Sun, R., Yi, X. and Zhong G. 2018. Azadirachtin affects the growth of Spodoptera litura Fabricius by inducing apoptosis in larval midgut. Frontiers in Physiology 9: 1-12. 
Soliman, B. A. and Tewfick, M. K. 1999. Activity and efficacy of Azadirachtin (Neem production) on the eggs of the filarial vector, Culex pipiens (Dip: Culicidae). Journal of Union Arab Biology 12(8): 33-41.
Souza, A. P. and Vendramim, J. D. 2000. Ovicidal activity of aqueous extracts of Meliaceae on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype Bin tomato. Scientia Agricola 57: 403-406.
Sun, Y. P. 1950. Toxicity indexes an improved method of comparing the relative toxicity of insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 43(1): 45-53.
Taheri Sarhozaki, M., Aramideh, Sh., Akbarian, J. and Pirsa, S. 2020. The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles, kaolin powder and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in combination with Neemarin® against Bemisia tabaci and pupae of Eretmocerus mundus under field conditions. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture) 43(3): 1-19. (In Farsi)
Wheathersbee, A. A. and Tang, Y. Q. 2002. Effect of neem seed extract on feeding, growth, survival and reproduction of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 661-667.