بررسی روش‌های مختلف نمونه‌برداری زنجرک خرما Ommatissus lybicus (Hem.: Tropiduchidae)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، داراب، ایران

2 گروه حشره‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

زنجرک خرماOmmatissus lybicus Bergevin  یکی از آفات کلیدی خرما در ایران است. این پژوهش به منظور بررسی روش‌های مختلف نمونه‌برداری و نوسان­های جمعیت پوره‌های نسل اول زنجرک خرما در یک نخلستان واقع در شهرستان فراشبند (استان فارس) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد پوره‌های نسل اول زنجرک خرما در اواسط فروردین ظاهر شدند، تراکم جمعیت آن­ها در اواسط اردیبهشت به اوج خود رسید و در نهایت، در اواخر خرداد کاهش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که بین روش‌های مختلف نمونه‌برداری زنجرک خرما ارتباط معنی‌داری وجود دارد. با استفاده از روش تجزیه و تحلیل همبستگی مشخص شد که بین تراکم پوره‌ها روی نخل و تراکم پوره‌ها روی پاجوش‌ها همبستگی بالا و معنی‌داری وجود دارد (96/0= R2). نتایج نشان داد که کارت‌های زرد چسبنده می‌توانند روش به­نسبت مناسبی برای برآورد تراکم جمعیت زنجرک خرما روی نخل باشند. همچنین، بر اساس نتایج، ترشح عسلک تقریباً سه هفته بعد از ظهور پوره‌های زنجرک خرما شروع می‌شود، ولی اوج میزان عسلک ترشح شده روی نخل‌ها به فاصله یک هفته بعد از اوج ظهور جمعیت پوره‌های نمونه‌برداری شده اتفاق افتاد. تجزیه رگرسیون مدل تیلور نشان داد رابطه رگرسیونی به استثناء یک روش برای بقیه روش‌های نمونه‌برداری معنی‌دار است. بر اساس مقادیر R2 و P به دست آمده از ارتباط رگرسیونی، نتایج نشان داد که برای توصیف داده‌های مربوط به تولید عسلک توسط پوره‌های زنجرک خرما مدل آیوائو مناسب‌تر از مدل تیلور بود. به منظور تعیین اندازه نمونه مطلوب از روش‌های گرین و کونو با دقت ثابت 2/0 استفاده شد. براساس مدل گرین، هرگاه میانگین تراکم جمعیت زنجرک خرما در هر برگچه نخل بالغ و در هر برگچه پاجوش 10 عدد باشد، تعداد نمونه مورد نیاز به ترتیب 38 و 47 برگچه خواهد بود و هرگاه میانگین تراکم این آفت روی هر کارت زرد 200 عدد باشد، تعداد نمونه مورد نیاز 19 کارت خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A study on different sampling techniques for dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus (Hem.: Tropiduchidae)

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Mahmoudi 1
  • M. Gheybi 2
  • M. Khoshnoud 2
1 Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Darab, Iran
2 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]

The dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, is a key pest of date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. in Iran. This study was conducted in a date palm orchard in Farashband (Fars Province) to investigate the different sampling methods and population fluctuations of dubas bug nymphs in first generation. The results showed that the nymphs emerged at early April, their population density reached to peak at 30 April, and finally declined to a few numbers at early June. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between different sampling methods. Using correlation analysis, it was shown a high and significant correlation between nymph densities on mature date palm and on offshoots (R2=0.96). Results showed that yellow sticky traps could be a relatively appropriate variable to estimate population densities on date palms. Also, results showed that the honeydew secretion begun approximately three weeks after nymphal emergence, however its peak was happened one week after the peak of nymph densities. Regression analysis of Taylor model showed that in exception of one sampling method, all other three sampling methods were significant. Based on R2 and P of regression analysis, Iwao’s model was more appropriate than Taylor model for sampling of dubas bug honeydew. In order to determine the optimal sample size, the Green's and Kuno's method with constant accuracy of 0.2 were used. Based on Green's method, whenever the average density of dubas bug on mature and offshoot date palm leaflet is 10, the number of required samples with a precision level of 0.2 would be 38 and 47 leaflets, respectively. Whenever the average density of this pest in each yellow card is 200, the number of required samples would be 19 cards.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Date palm
  • Key pest
  • Sampling
  • Yellow sticky trap

مراجع

Adams, R. G. and Los, L. M. 1989. Use of sticky traps and limb jarring to and in pest management decisions for summer populations of the pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in connecticut.Journal of Economic Entomology82(5): 1448-1454.
Arnaldo, P. S. and Torres, L. M. 2005. Spatial distribution and sampling of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. and Schiff.) (Lep. Thaumetopoeidea) populations on Pinus pinaster Ait. in Montesinho, N. Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management210(1): 1-7.
Awamleh, R. A., Bilal, H.  M. and Al-Antary, T. M. 2010. Evaluation of the efficacy of conventional and non-conventional insecticides on fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci L. (Homoptera: Coccidae) and its parasitoid, Scutellista cyanea Motsch (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences5(2): 178-191.
Carpenter, J. B. and Elmer, H. S. 1978. Pests and diseases of the date palm. Pests and diseases of the date palm. United States Department of AgricultureWashington DC, no. 527.
Cullen, E. M., Zalom, F. G., Flint, M. L. and Zilbert, E. E. 2000. Quantifying trade-offs between pest sampling time and precision in commercial IPM sampling programs. Agricultural Systems 66(2): 99-113.
Dowson, V. H. W. 1936. A serious pest of date palms, Ommatissus binotatus Fieb.(Homoptera: Tropiduchidae). Trop Agric (Trinidad)13: 180-181.
Elwan, A. A. and Al-Tamimi, S. S. 1999. Life cycle of Dubas bug Ommatissus binotatus lybicus De Berg.(Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) in Sultanate of Oman. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research77(4): 1547-1553.
Fleischer, S. J., Gaylor, M. J., and Edelson, J. V. 1985. Estimating absolute density from relative sampling of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) and selected predators in early to mid-season cotton. Environmental Entomology14(6): 709-717.
Gharib, A. 1966. Palm leafhopper Ommatissus binotatus Fieb. var. lybicus Berg.(Homoptera: Tropiduchidae). Applied Entomology and Phytopathology24: 37-47.
Gharib, A. 1973. Pests of economic importance of date palms. Plant Pests and Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, 17 pp.
Green, R. H. 1970. On fixed precision level sequential sampling. Research on Population Ecology 12: 249–241.
Hadian, A. R. and Seyedoleslami, H. 2002. Efficiency of yellow sticky board traps and limb jarring in the capture of adult pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae Burkhardt and Lauterer (Hom.: Psyllidae). Journal of Water and Soil Science -Isfahan University of Technology 6(2): 159-168.
Hall, D. G. 2009. An assessment of yellow sticky card traps as indicators of the abundance of adult Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus. Journal of Economic Entomology102(1): 446-452.
Hall, D. G., Hentz, M. G. and Ciomperlik, M. A. 2007. A comparison of traps and stem tap sampling for monitoring adult Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus. Florida Entomologist90(2): 327-334.
Horton, D. R. 1994. Relationship among sampling methods in density estimates of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae): implications of sex, reproductive maturity, and sampling location. Annals of the Entomological Society of America87(5): 583-591.
Horton, D. R. and Lewis, T. M. 1997. Quantitative relationship between sticky trap catch and beat tray counts of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae): seasonal, sex, and morphotypic effects. Journal of Economic Entomology90(1): 170-177.
Hughes, G. 1996. Incorporating spatial pattern of harmful organisms into crop loss models. Crop Protection15(5): 407-421.
Hussain, Ali A. 1963. Biology and control of the dubas bug, Ommatissus binotatus lybicus De Berg.(Homoptera, Tropiduchidae), infesting date palms in Iraq. Bulletin of Entomological Research53(04): 737-745.
Inayatullah, C., Khan, L., Ul‐Haq, M. and Ul‐Mohsin, A. 1991. Weather based models to predict the population densities of melon fruit fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coq. International Journal of Pest Management 37(3): 211-215.
Iwao, S. A. 1968. New regression method for analyzing the aggregation pattern of animal populations. Research Population Ecology 10: 1–20.
Jarosik, V., Honek, A. and Dixon, A. F. G. 2003. Natural enemy ravine revisited: the importance of sample size for determining population growth. Ecological Entomology28(1): 85-91.
Klein, M. and Venezian, A. 1985. The dubas date Tropiduchid, Ommatissus binotatus lybicus, a threat to date palms in Israel. Phytoparasitica13(2): 95-101.
Kogan, M. and Herzog, D. C. 2012. Sampling methods in soybean entomology: Springer Science and Business Media. 587 pages.
Kuno, E. 1969. A new method of sequential sampling to obtain the population estimates with a fixed level of precision. Research Population Ecology 11: 127–136.
Lloyd, M. 1967. Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology 36: 1–30.
Mahmoudi, M., Sahragard, A., Pezhman, H. and Ghadamyari, M. 2014. Efficacy of biorational insecticides against Dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus (Hem.: Tropiduchidae) in a date palm orchard and evaluation of kaolin and mineral oil in the laboratory. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran33(4): 1-10.
Mendesil, E. and Tesfaye, A. 2009. The influence of weather on the seasonal incidence of coffee berry moth, Prophantis smaragdina (Butler). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology12(3): 203-205.
Mokhtar, A. M. and Al-Mjeini, A. M. 1999. A novel approach to determine the efficacy control measures against Dubas bug Ommatissus lybicus de Berg on date palm. Agriculture Science4: 1-4.
Payandeh, A., Kamali, K. and Fathipour, Y. 2010. Population structure and seasonal activity of Ommatissus lybicus in Bam Region of Iran (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae). Munis Entomology and Zoology5: 726-733.
Pedigo, L. P. and Buntin, G. D. 1993. Handbook of sampling methods for arthropods in agriculture: CRC Press. 714 p.
Puterka, G. J., Glenn, D. M. and Pluta, R. C. 2005. Action of particle films on the biology and behavior of Pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of Economic Entomology98(6): 2079-2088.
Service, M. W. 1971. Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bulletin of the World Health Organization45(2): 169.
Seyedoleslami, H., Hadian, A. R. and Rezai, A. 2002. Effect of height and geographical direction for placement of yellow sticky board traps to capture adult pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hom., Psyllidae) and egg and nymphal desity estimations. Journal of Water and Soil Science -Isfahan University of Technology6(3): 221-228.
Seyedoleslami, H., Hadian, A. R. and Rezai, A. 2003. Estimation of population density of first and second instar nymphs of pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hom Psyllidae) from adult psylla capture on yellow sticky traps. Journal of Water and Soil Science -Isfahan University of Technology7(1): 223-232.
Sharma, H. C., Sullivan, D. J. and Bhatnagar, V. S. 2002. Population dynamics and natural mortality factors of the Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in South-Central India. Crop Protection21(9): 721-732.
Southwood, T. R. E. and Henderson, P. A. 1978. Ecological methods, with particular reference to the study of insect populations. Chapman and Hall, London, 524 p.
Southwood, T. R. E. and Henderson, P. A. 2009. Ecological methods: John Wiley and Sons. 592 p.
Taghizadeh, M., Naderpoor, B. and Babakhani, A. 2004. A study on population fluctuations and natural egg parasitism of Dubas bug, Ommatissus binotatus de Berg. in Farashband date groves in Fars Province, Iran. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center, Code No.: 113-11-76-89, 16 p.
Taghizadeh, R., Fathipour, Y. and Kamali, K. 2008. Temperature-dependent development of acarophagous ladybird, Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology11(3): 145-148.
Taylor, L. R. 1961. Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189: 732–735.
Wilson, M. R. 1988. Records of Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha from palms and associations with disease in coconuts. Oleagineux43(6): 247-253. 
تحقیقات آفات گیاهی
دوره 10، شماره 3
آذر 1399
صفحه 17-33

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 23 آذر 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 23 آذر 1399

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار