Biology and thermal requirements of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali (Hym.: Eurytomidae) in Zarinshar, Isfahan

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran

Abstract

The almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali (Hym.: Eurytomidae) is a key pest of almond in Iran. The pest may destroy, in some cases, up to 90% of the almond seeds. Because of the pest importance and the lack of adequate information on its phenology in Isfahan, this study was carried out to investigate the phenology of the almond seed wasp. About 30% of the larvae showed prolonged diapause in the Zarainshahr region in 2015. The lower temperature threshold of the pest was estimated 7.214 °C and thermal constant for pupal stage under the laboratory conditions was 237.03±2.93 degree-days. Phenological study in Zarinshar showed that termination of pest pupation occurred in 30.3.2015 (by about 139 degree-days). Adult peak emergence occurred on 25.4.2015 (by about 358 degree-days). Peak of the egg laying was observed in 1.5.2015 (by 313.5 degree-days). Suitable fruit size for egg laying was estimated to be about 1.5×2.5 - 2.4×3.5 cm. 

Keywords

References

Basirat, M. and Seyedoleslami, H. 2001. Post overwintering heat requirement for pistachio seed wasp Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikolskaya (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 5: 221-230 (in Farsi).
Davidson, J. 1944. On the relationship between temperature and rate of development of insects at constant temperatures. Jornal of Animal Ecology 13:26-38.
Dent, D. R. and Walton, M. P. 1997.Method in ecological and agricultural entomology. CAB. International, 387 pp.
Duval, H. and Millan, M. M. 2010. Emergence dates of Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein adults in the south- east of France and control strategy. Options Mediterraneennes 94: 175-180.
Fatzinger, C. W. and Dixon, W. N. 1996. Degree-day models for predicting levels of attack by slash pine flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the phenology of female strobilus development on slash pine. Environmental Entomology 25: 35-272.
Izadi, H. and Samih, M. A. 2010. Insect classification (description of orders and families). Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan (in Farsi).
Kouloussis, N. A. 2008. Almond Seed Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). In Capinera, J. L (Ed).Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, New York. pp.134-136.
Mansingh, A. 1974. Studies on insect dormancy. II. Relationship of cold-hardiness to diapause and quiescence in the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fab.), (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology52: 629-637.
Margaritopoulos, T. and Tzanakakis, E. 2006. Diapause completion in the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) following early low temperature treatment.European Journal of Entomology103: 733–742.
Mentjelos, J. and Atjemis, A. 1970. Studies on the biology and control of Eurytoma amygdali in Greece. Journal of Economic Entomology 63: 1934-1936.
Mohamadi Khoramaabadi, A. and Arzani, E. 2009. Evaluation of morphological characteristic of five genotypes of almond and their relationship with almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hym.: Eurytomidae) infestation and resistance. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources 16: 2-8 (in Farsi).
Plaut, H. N. 1972. On the biology of the immature stages of the almond wasp Eurytoma amygdali End. (Hym. Eurytomidae) in Israel.Bulletin of Entomological Research 61: 681-687.
 Talhouk, A. S. 1977. Contributions to the knowledge of almond pests in east Mediterranean countries. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 83: 145-154.
Tehranifar, A., Kafi, M. and Adli, M. 2002. Almond growing: botany, choose of stock and scionwood, cultural practices, pests and diseases, processing and sorting. Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, Mashhad, Iran (in Farsi).
Tzanakais, M. E. and Veerman, A. 1994. Effect of temperature on the termination of diapause in the univoltine almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali. Entomolgia Experimentalis et Applicata70: 27–39.
Zerova. M. D. and Fursovv, N. 1991. The palearctic species of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) developing in stone fruits (Rosaceae: Prunoideae). Bulletin of Entomological Research81: 209-219.
Plant Pest Research
Volume 6, Issue 3
December 2016
Pages 39-49

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 19 December 2016
  • Accept Date: 19 December 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics