درصد پارازیتیسم، طول عمر و پارازیتیسم روزانه زنبور پارازیتویید Encarsia berlesei روی سپردار توت، Pseudaulacaspis pentagona، و واکنش تابعی آن به تراکم پوره های سن دوم سپردار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان

2 گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان

چکیده

     سپردار سفید توت Pseudaulacaspis pentagona، آفتی با دامنه میزبانی وسیع است که در استان­ های شمالی کشور یکی از آفات مهم درختان توت و از جمله موانع مهم در پرورش کرم ابریشم می باشد. در پژوهش حاضر، کارایی زنبور پارازیتویید اختصاصی این آفت، Encarsia berlesei، طی سه آزمایش: (1) بررسی درصد پارازیتیسم زنبور به تفکیک مرحله نشوونمایی میزبان (آزمون­های انتخابی و غیرانتخابی)؛ (2) بررسی طول عمر، میانگین روزانه و میانگین کل پارازیتیسم؛ و (3) واکنش ­تابعی به تغییرات تراکم میزبان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در آزمون غیرانتخابی، میانگین پارازیتیسم در حضور پوره­­ های سن اول و دوم و سپردار ماده به ترتیب 0/0، 02/11 و 84/3 درصد، و در آزمون انتخابی در حضور پوره سن دوم و سپردار ماده به ترتیب 26/10 و 2 درصد محاسبه شد. میانگین طول عمر زنبور پارازیتویید در نبود میزبان 10 روز و در حضور آن 4 روز برآورد شد. تخمگذاری در روزهای اول روندی افزایشی و در روزهای آخر عمر روندی کاهشی را نشان داد. میانگین کل پارازیتیسم 4/28 عدد میزبان به ازای هر عدد زنبور ماده محاسبه شد. واکنش­تابعی زنبور برای پوره­های سن دوم از نوع III بود. قدرت جستجوگری 000057/0 ± 0003/0 و زمان دسترسی به میزبان 52/0 ± 695/3 ساعت به دست آمد. طبق نتایج، به ویژه با توجه به طول عمر پارازیتویید، به نظر می ­رسد که E. berlesei یک دشمن طبیعی کارآمد برای کنترل بیولوژیک سپردار توت ­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Percentage parasitism, adult longevity and daily parasitism of the parasitoid wasp, Encarsia berlesei on white peach scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, and its functional response to second instars of the scale insect

نویسندگان [English]

  • P. Ali Akbar Aghadokht 1
  • M. H. Sarailoo 1
  • M. Yazdanian 2
1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

The Mulberry white scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.) is a polyphagous pest with a wide range of hosts and is one of the most important pests of mulberry trees in Northern provinces of Iran. It is said to be one of the restricting factor in commercial sericulture. In the present study, efficacy of the specialist parasitoid wasp of this pest, Encarsia berlesei, was investigated under three distinct experiments: (1) percentage parasitism on different developmental stages of the host (choice test vs no-choice test); (2) adults' longevity, daily and overall mean rate of parasitism; and (3) functional response to host density changes. In no-choice test, the average parasitism in the presence of first and second instars and adult female were 0.0%, 11.02% and 3.84%, respectively. In choice test, the mean parasitism in the presence of second instars and adult females were as 10.26% and 2%, respectively. Mean longevity of adults in the presence and absence of the host were 4 and 10 days, respectively. The egg laying had an ascending order in early period and a descending order in the late period of adult stage. Overall, the mean parasitism was 28.4 hosts per female parasitoid. The wasp parasitism rate followed a type III functional response. The searching efficiency was 0.0003 ± 0.000057h-1 and the handling time was 3.695 ± 0.520 h. According to the results, especially considering the adult parasitoid longevity, it seems that E. berlesei is an efficient natural enemy for biological control of the Mulberry white scale.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Parasitoid
  • Scale insect
  • Searching efficiency
  • choice and no-choice tests
Abd-Rabou, S., Ghahari, S., Myartseva, S. N. and Ruíz-Cancino, E. 2013. Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1(4): 116-140.
Alhoseini, S. H. 1998. Taxonomic studies of white peach scale parasitoids and biology of the dominant species in west Mazandaran. MSc. thesis. The University of Tehran.
Alikhani, M., Hassanpoor, M., Golizadeh, A., Rafiee Dastjerdi, H. and Razmjoo, J. 2010. Effect of temperature on functional response of Habrobracon hebetor in relation to Anagasta kuehniella. Proceeding of 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. 31 July-3 August, Tehran, pp. 48.
Battaglia, D., di Leo, A., Malinconico, P., Rotundo, G. and di Leo, A. 1994. Osservazioni sulla cocciniglia bianca del pesco e del gelso in Basilicata. Informatore Agrario 50(3): 77-80.
Begon, M., Harper, J. R. and Townsend, C. R. 1996. Ecology: Individual, Population and Communities. Blackwell Science Ltd. 1068 pp.
Fadeev, Y. U. and Izhevskii, S. S. 1981. Introduction of beneficial organisms. Zashchita-Rastenii 7: 18-19.
Fathipour, Y., Kamali, K., Khalghani, G. and Abdolahi, GH. A. 2000. Functional response of Trissolcus grandis to different egg densities of Eurygaster integriceps and effects of different wheat genotypes on it. Plant Pests and Diseases 68(1): 121-136. (In Farsi)
Fathipour, Y., Haghani, M., Attaran, M. R., Talebi, A. A. and Moharamipour, S. 2003. Functional response of Trichogramma embryophagum on two types of laboratory hosts. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 23(1): 41-51. (In Farsi)
Fathololumi, Y. 1982. Control methods of white peach scale. Journal of Extensional Education, Sericulture Corporation of Iran. 15 pp. (In Farsi)
Gardonna, A. P. and Viggiani, G. 1988. Observations on the White peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ.-Tozz.) and its natural enemies in Campania. Annali della Facolta di Scienze Agrarie della Universita degli Studi di Napoli 22: 1-10.
Gerling, G. 1990. Natural enemies of whiteflies: predators and parasitoids. In: Gerling, G. (Ed.) Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management. Intercept Ltd. Andover. pp. 147-186.
Graora, D. and Spasić, R. 2008. Natural enemies of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) in Serbia. Pesticides and Phytomedicine (Beograde) 23: 11-16.
Gurkan, S. 1982. Investigations on the bioecology of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ., a pest of peach and mulberry in the Marmara Region. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 22(4): 179-197.
Habibian, A. 1984. Consideration of biological control of white peach scale. Final report of research project, Publication of Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases of Guilan. 47- 59. (In Farsi)
Habibian, A. 1991. Some studies on Prospaltella berlesei in Guilan province. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 58(1): 69-77. (In Farsi)
Jones, D. B., Giles, K. L., Berberet, R. C., Royer, T. A., Ellioti, N. C. and Payton, M. E. 2003. Functional responses of an introduced parasitoid and an indigenous parasitoid on green bug at four temperatures. Environmental Entomology 32(3): 425-432.
Juliano, S. A. 2001. Nonlinear curve-fitting: predation and functional response curves. In Scheiner, S. M., Gurevitch. J. (Eds.) Design and analysis of ecological experiments. 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 178-216.
Kozarzvskaja, E. and Mihajlovic, L. 1983. Biological characteristics of the mulberry scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona) and its parasites (Chalcidoidea) in Belgrade. Zastita Bilja 34(1): 59-75.
Matsuka, M., Watanabe, M. and Niijima, K. 1982. Longevity and oviposition of Vedalia beetles on artificial diets. Environmental Entomology 11: 816-819.
Mohammed, E., Ülgentürk, S., Uygun, N., Garonna, A. P., Szentkiralayi, F., Fent, M. and Hayat, M. 2016. The distribution, host plants and natural enemies of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in Ankara province. Munis Entomology and Zoology 11(2): 650-656.
Montory, P., Liedo, P., Benery, B., Barrera, J. F., Cancino, G. and Aluja, M. 2000. Functional response and superparasitism by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93(1): 47-54.
Parra, J. R. P. 2014. Biological control in Brazil: an overview. Scientia Agricola 71(5): 345-355.
Polaszek, A., Abd-Rabou, S. and Huang, J. 1999. The Egyption species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): a preliminary review. Zoologische Mededelingen 73(6): 131-164.
Rajabi, Gh. 1989. Insects Attacking Rosaceous Fruit Trees in Iran. Publication of Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran. 256 pp. (In Farsi)
Rasekh, A., Michaud, J. P. and Barimani Varandi, H. 2011. Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). European Journal of Entomology 108(1): 79-85.
SAS Institute. 2001. PROC User’s Manual, Version 6.01. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Schweitzer, E. S., Sanes, J. R. and Hildebrand, J. G. 1976. Ontogeny of electroantennogram responses in the moth, Manduca sexta. Journal of Insect Physiology 22: 955-960.
Taksokhan, M. R. 1999. Mulberry white scale and its biological control in mulberry orchards of Guilan Province. Number 11, Publications of Agricultural Education. (In Farsi)
Viggiani, G. 1984. Bionomics of the Aphelinidae. Annual Review of Entomology 29: 257-276.
Yazdani Badabi, S. E., Sahragard, A. and Karimi-Malati, A. 2015. Functional response of Prospaltella berlesei Howard (Hym.: Aphelinidae) on varying densities of different instars of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Tsrgioni (Hem.: Diaspididae). Plant Pests Research 4(4): 49-60. (In Farsi)
Zomorrodi, A. 1991. Sanitation of the Iranian Agricultural Plants and Products. Diba Publication. Tehran, 598 pp. (In Farsi)