بررسی ساختار ژنتیکی شته سبز مرکبات، (Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hem.: Aphididae، روی درختان مرکبات در شمال ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه‌های نیمه‌گرمسیری، مؤسسه تحقیقات باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رامسر، ایران

3 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

چکیده

شته سبز مرکبات، Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)، یکی از آفات مهم مرکبات در شمال کشور است. این آفت به طور مستقیم با تغذیه از شیره گیاهی و ترشح عسلک وبه طور غیر مستقیم با انتقال چندین ویروس گیاهی باعث خسارت به مرکبات می‌شود. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین ارتباط ساختار ژنتیکی جمعیت‌های مختلف شته  A. spiraecolaبا پراکنش جغرافیایی آن روی درختان مرکبات در شمال ایران بود. بدین منظور تنوع ژنتیکی شته‌های جمع‌آوری شده از هشت محل در شمال ایران با استفاده از هفت نشانگر ریزماهواره مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در میان 271 فرد شته 195 ژنوتیپ منحصر به فرد شناسایی شد و میزان تنوع کلونال در جمعیت‌ها بین 93/0 - 5/0 بود که نشان­دهنده تولید مثل پارتنوژنز اختیاری در جمعیت‌های این شته در شمال ایران است. میانگین محتوای اطلاعات چند شکلی (PIC) 62/0 بود. انحراف از تعادل هاردی - وینبرگ در همه جمعیت‌ها وجود داشت. تجزیه واریانس مولکولی نشان داد تنوع ژنتیکی قابل توجهی داخل جمعیت‌ها و درصد ناچیزی از تنوع ژنتیکی به بین جمعیت‌های مربوط به مکان‌های مختلف جغرافیایی اختصاص دارد. همچنین بر اساس ماتریس فاصله ژنتیکی نی، در بین جمعیت‌ها فاصله ژنتیکی قابل توجهی مشاهد نشد که با نتایج تجزیه ساختار با استفاده از نرم افزارStructure  نیز مطابقت داشت. یافته‌های این پژوهش اطلاعات کاربردی درباره پراکنش ژنوتیپی شته سبز مرکبات در شمال کشور فراهم می‌کند که در ترکیب با اطلاعات موجود از چرخه زندگی آن می‌تواند در برنامه‌های مدیریت کنترل آفت مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Population genetic structure of Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hem.: Aphididae) on citrus trees in Northern Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • E. Gholamian 1
  • J. Razmjou 1
  • M. Banihashemian 2
  • A. Sabouri 3
1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ramsar, Iran
3 Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

The spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest of citrus in northern Iran. It causes direct damage by sap feeding and extracting honeydew and also indirect damage by transmission of several virus diseases. The aim of this study was determining the relationship between genetic structure of different populations of A.spiraecola with its geographical distribution on citrus trees in northern Iran. The genetic structure of A. spiraecola collected on citrus trees in eight localities, was described by seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Among 271 individuals, 195 multilocus genotypes were identified and the clonal diversity in populations were 0.5 to 0.93. They confirmed that A. spiraecola reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis on citrus trees in North of Iran. The mean of Polymorphic Information Content was (PIC =0.62). There were significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all populations. The analysis of molecular variance revealed high intrapopulation and weak interpopulation genetic differentiation among geographic populations. Also, the UPGMA dendrogram of 8 populations based on Nei's genetic distance indicated no considerable genetic differentiation among them, which is in accordance with structural analysis. The findings of this research provide useful information about the genotypic distribution of A. spiraecola in Northern Iran which can be integrated with life cycle information of the pest and used in pest management programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Microsatellite
  • genetic differentiation
  • Aphid
  • clonal diversity
  • cyclical parthenogenesis
Aghajanzadeh, S., Rasoulian, Gh., Rezwani, N and Esmaili, M. 1997. Study of faunistic aspects of citrus aphids in western Mazandaran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 65(1): 62-78. (in Farsi).
Alavi, S. V. and Rezvani, A.2007. Seasonal fluctuations of citrus aphids in the East of Mazandaran and Citrus tristeza virus transmissibility by the major species. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 75(1): 39-50 (in Farsi).
Aleosfoor, M., Izadpanah, K., Mossadegh, M. S., Masoumi, M., Sadeghi, M. S., Mardi, M., Afsharifar, A. R and Hayat, J. 2012. Genetic diversity of Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hom: Aphididae) using microsatellite markers. Munis Entomology and Zoology 7(2): 1073-1078.
Arnaud-Haond, S. and Belkhir, K. 2007. GENCLONE. a computer program to analyse genotypic data, test for clonality and describe spatial clonal organization. Molecular Ecology Notes 7(1): 15–17.
Blackman, R. L. 1972. The inheritance of life-cycle differences in Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hem., Aphididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 62(02): 281-294.
Blackman, R. L. and Eastop, V. F. 2007. Aphids on the world's herbaceous plants and shrubs: an identification and information guide. John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, 466 pp.
Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M. and Davis, R. W. 1980. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics 32(3): 314.
Brévault, T., Carletto, J., Linderme, D. and Vanlerberghe-Masutti, F. 2008. Genetic diversity of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii in the unstable environment of a cotton growing area. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 10(3): 215-223
Brévault, T., Carletto, J., Tribot, J. and Vanlerberghe-Masutti, F. 2011. Insecticide use and competition shape the genetic diversity of the aphid Aphis gossypii in a cotton-growing landscape. Bulletin of Entomological Research101(4): 407-413.
Cao, J., Li, J., Niu, J., Liu, X. and Zhang, Q. 2012. Population structure of Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on pear trees in China identified using microsatellites. Journal of Economic Entomology 105(2): 583-591.
Charaabi, K., Carletto, J., Chavigny, P., Marrakchi, M., Makni, M. and Vanlerberghe-Masutti, F. 2008. Genotypic diversity of the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) in Tunisia is structured by host plants. Bulletin of Entomological Research 98(04): 333-341.
Dedryver, C. A., Le Gallic, J. F., Gauthier, J. P. and Simon J. C. 1998. Life cycle of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae, polymorphism and comparison of life history traits associated with sexuality. Ecological Entomology 23(2):123–132.
Delmotte, F., Leterme, N., Gauthier, J. P., Rispe, C. and Simon, J. C. 2002. Genetic architecture of sexual and asexual populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi based on allozyme and microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 11(4): 711–723.
Dixon, A. F. G. 1998. Aphid Ecology, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, London.
Doyle, J. J. and Doyle, J. L. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11-15.
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. and Goudet, J. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14(8): 2611-2620.
Foottit, R. G., Lowery, D. T., Maw, H. E. L., Smirle, M. J. and Lushai, G. 2009. Identification, distribution, and molecular characterization of the apple aphids Aphis pomi and Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae). The Canadian Entomologist 141(5): 478-495.
Fuller, S. J., Chavigny, P., Lapchin, L. and Vanlerberghehe-Massutti, F. 1999. Variation in clonal diversity in glasshouse infestations of the aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover in southern France. Molecular Ecology 8(11): 1867–1877.
Kheyrollahi, Z., Hosseini, R., Aghajanzadeh, S. and Golein B. 2013. Genetic variation of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in eastern Guilan and western Mazandaran provinces (Iran). Plant Pest Research 3(1): 11-19 (in Farsi).
Loxdale, H. D., Edwards, O., Tagu, D. and Vorburger, C. 2017. Population genetic issues: new insights using conventional molecular markers and genomics tools. Aphids as Crop Pests, 2nd edn. (eds. H. F. van Emden and R. Harrington). CABI, Wallingford, Oxford, U.K, pp. 50-80.
Le Trionnaire, G., Hardie, J., Jaubert-Possamai, S., Simon, J. C. and Tagu, D. 2008. Shifting from clonal to sexual reproduction in aphids: physiological and developmental aspects. Biology of the Cell 100(8): 441–451.
Liu, J. 2004. Power Marker V3.25 Manual.http://www.powermarker.net.
Llewellyn, K. S., Loxdale, H. S., Harrington, R., Brookes, C. P., Clarke S. J. and Sunnucks, P. 2003. Migration and genetic structure of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, in Britain related to climate and clonal fluctuation as revealed using microsatellites. Molecular Ecology 12(1): 21– 355 34.
Luo, J. Y., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Lv, L. M., Wang, C. Y., Li, C. H., Zhu X. Z., Zhou Z. G and Cui, J. J. 2016. The distribution and host shifts of cotton-melon aphids in northern China. PloS one 11(3): e0152103.
Lushai, G. and Loxdale, H. D. 2004. Tracking movement in small insect pests, with special reference to aphid populations. International Journal of Pest management 50(4): 307-315.
Mezghani-Khemakem, M., Bouktila, D., Kharrat, I., Makni, M. and Makni, H. 2012. Genetic variability of green citrus aphid populations from Tunisia, assessed by RAPD markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Entomological Science 15(2):.171-179.
Miller, N. J., Birley, A. J., Overall, A. D. J. and Tatchell, G. M. 2003. Population genetic structure of the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.), in relation to geographic distance, gene flow and host plant usage. Heredity 91(3): 217-223.
Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89(3): 583-590.
Peakall, R. and Smouse, P. E. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5, genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research – an update. Bioinformatics 28(19):2537–2539.
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. and Donnelly, P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155(2): 945–959.
Razmjou, J., Vorburger, C., Moharramipour, S., Mirhoseini, S. Z. and Fathipour, Y. 2010. Host‐associated differentiation and evidence for sexual reproduction in Iranian populations of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 134(2): 191-199.
Rispe, C. and Pierre, J. S. 1998. Coexistence between cyclical parthenogens, obligate parthenogens, and intermediates in a fluctuating environment. Journal of Theoretical Biology 195(1): 97–110.
Sandrock, C., Razmjou, J. and Vorburger, C. 2011. Climate effects on life cycle variation and population genetic architecture of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Molecular Ecology 20(19): 4165-4181.
Simon, J. C., Carrel, E., Hebert, P. D. N., Dedryver, C. Bonhomme, A. J. and Gallic Le, J. F. 1996. Genetic diversity and mode of reproduction in French populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. Heredity 76(3): 305-313
Sunnucks, P., England, P., Taylor, A. C. and Hales, D. F. 1996. Microsatellite and chromosome evolution of parthenogenetic Sitobion aphids in Australia. Genetics 144(2): 747–756.
Sunnucks, P., De Barro, P. J., Lushai, G., Maclean. N. and Hales, D. F. 1997. Genetic structure of an aphid studied using microsatellites: cyclic parthenogenesis, differentiated lineages, and host specialization. Molecular Ecology 6(11):1059–1073.
Van Emden, H. F. and Harrington, R. 2007. Aphids as crop pests. CABI, Wallingford, 717 pp.
Vorburger, C., Lancaster, M. and Sunnucks, P. 2003. Environmentally related patterns of reproductive modes in the aphid Myzus persicae and the predominance of two 'superclones' in Victoria, Australia. Molecular Ecology 12(12): 3493-3504.
Wilson, A. C. C, Sunnucks, P. and Hales, D. F. 1999. Microevolution, low clonal diversity and genetic affinities of parthenogenetic Sitobion aphids in New Zealand. Molecular Ecology 8(10): 1655– 1666.
Wilson, A. C. C., Sunnucks, P., Blackman, R. L. and Hales, D. F. 2002. Microsatellite variation in cyclically parthenogenetic populations of Myzus persicae in south-eastern Australia. Heredity 88(4): 258–266.
Yeh, F. C., Yang, R. C. and Boyle, T. B. J. 1999. POPGENE version 1.31, Microsoft Window-based Freeware for Population Genetic Analysis. Quick User Guide Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.