تاثیر سیستم های کشت نواری کلزای بهاره و شبدر در بهبود کنترل طبیعی (.Plutella xylostella (L

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه گیاه‌پزشکی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

شب­ پره پشت­ الماسی، (.Plutella xylostella (L آفت مهم کلزا در ایران است. در این تحقیق، تاثیر چهار تیمار شامل کشت­ نواری دو، چهار و شش ردیف کلزا (Ca) در تناوب با دو ردیف شبدر (Cl) (2Ca: 2Cl, 4Ca: 2Cl, and 6Ca: 2Cl) و تک­ کشتی کلزا در تراکم P. xylostella، تنوع گون ه­ای شکارگرهای آن، درصد تخ م­ها، لاروها و شفیره­ های پارازیته شده و عملکرد محصول در شرایط مزرعه واقع در منطقه اردبیل در طول دو سال­ 1394 و 1395 مطالعه شد. تراکم تخم ­ها، لاروها و شفیره ­های شب ­پره در تک­کشتی کلزا به ­طور معنی ­داری بیشتر از هر سه سیستم کشت نواری بود. شاخص تنوع شانون (H) برای ترکیب گون ه­ای شکارگرهای شب­پره در هر سه تیمار کشت نواری به ­طور معنی ­داری بیشتر از تک­ کشتی کلزا بود. مقدار شاخص شباهت تنوع گونه­ ای موریسیتا­-هورن (CMH) برای ترکیب گونه ­ای شکارگرهای شب ­پره بین نظام تک­ کشتی کلزا با هر یک از تیمارهای کشت نواری (898/0≤ CMH) کمتر از مقدار این شاخص بین سه تیمار کشت نواری (957/0≤ CMH) بود. درصد تخم ­ها، لاروها و شفیره ­های پارازیته شده در هر سه سیستم کشت نواری به­ طور معنی ­داری بیشتر از تک­ کشتی کلزا بود. علاوه­ بر آن، درصد تخم ­ها و لاروهای پارازیته شده در 2Ca: 2Cl به ­طور معنی­ داری بیشتر از 6Ca: 2Cl بود. همچنین، درصد کاهش وزن خشک دانه­ ها به ازای یک گیاه کلزا در 2Ca: 2Cl و 4Ca: 2Cl به طور مع نی­داری کمتر از سایر تیمارهای مورد مطالعه بود. این نتایج نشان می ­دهند که کشت نواری 2Ca: 2Cl و 4Ca: 2Cl می­ تواند در مدیریت تلفیقی P. xylostellaدر مزارع کلزا مفید باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of strip-intercropping of spring canola with clover in improvement of natural biological control of Plutella xylostella (L.)

نویسنده [English]

  • S. A. A. Fathi
Department of Plant Protection, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is an important pest of canola in Iran. In this study, the effect of four treatments including strip-intercropping of two, four and six rows of canola with two rows of clover (2Ca: 2Cl, 4Ca: 2Cl, and 6Ca: 2Cl) and canola monoculture were studied on the population density of P. xylostella, species diversity of its predators, parasitism on eggs, larvae and pupae, and associated yield of canola under the field conditions in Ardabil region during 2015 and 2016. The density of eggs, larvae and pupae were significantly higher in monoculture than in intercrops. Moreover, the density of larvae and pupae was lower in 2Ca: 2Cl than in 6Ca: 2Cl. Shannon diversity index (H') for predators' species composition of moth was higher in intercrops than in monoculture. The values of Morisita–Horn index (CMH) for predators species composition of moth between canola monoculture and each of the three intercrops (CMH ≤ 0.897) were lower in comparision with the values of this index among the three intercrops (CMH ≥ 0.957). The percent parasitism for eggs, larvae and pupae was significantly higher in intercrops than in monoculture. Moreover, the percent parasitism for eggs and larvae was higher in 2Ca: 2Cl than in 6Ca: 2Cl. The dry seed weight loss was also lower in 2Ca: 2Cl and 4Ca: 2Cl in comparison with other two treatments. Thsese results indicated that intercropping 2Ca: 2Cl and 4Ca: 2C could be useful in integrated management of P. xylostella in canola fields.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Canola
  • intercrop
  • species abundance
  • species richness
Altieri, M. A., Nicholls, C. I. and Ponti, L. 2009. Crop diversification strategies for pest regulation in IPM systems, pp. 116-130. In Integrated pest management (edited by E. B. Radcliffe, W. D. Hutchinson and R. E. Cancelado). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Andow, D. A. 1991. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 561–586.
Anonymous 2015. Agricultural statistics; Volume I crop production (2013-2014). Bureau for Statistics and Information Technology of Planning and Economical Division, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. (In Farsi)
Asare-Bediako, E., Addo-Quaye, A. A. and Mohammed, A. 2010. Control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) using intercropping with non-host crops. American Journal of Food Technology 5: 269-274.
Åsman, K., Ekbom, B. and Rämert, B. 2001. Effect of intercropping on oviposition and emigration behavior of the leek moth (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) and the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Environmental Entomology 30: 288-294.
Bei-Bienko, G. Y., Blagoveshchenskii, D. I., Chernova, O. A., Dantsing, E. M., Emilianov, A. F., Kerzhner, I. M., Loginova, M. M., Martinova, E. F., Shaposhnikov, G. K., Sharov, A. G., Spuris, Z. D., Yaczewski, T. L., Yakhontov, V. V. and Zhiltsoo, L. A. 1969. Keys to the insects of the European USSR Volume 1 - Apterygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola. Sue Lowell Natural History &Travel Books, UK.
Brooks, S. J. and Barnard, P. C. 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 59: 117-286.
Capinera, J. L. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego.
Colley, M. R. and Luna, J. M. 2000. Relative attractiveness of potential beneficial insectary plants to aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Environmental Entomology 29: 1054-1059.
Disney, R. H. L. 1999. Insect biodiversity and demise of alpha taxonomy. Antenna 23: 84-88.
Fathi, S. A. A., Bozorg-Amirkalaee, M. and Sarfaraz, R. M. 2011. Preference and performance of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on canola cultivars. Journal of Pest Science 84: 41-47.
Fathi, S. A. A., Bozorg-Amirkalaee, M., Sarfraz, R. M. and Rafiee-Dastjerdi, H. 2012. Parasitism and developmental parameters of the parasitoid Diadegma majale (Gravenhorst) in control of Plutella xylostella (L.) on selected cultivars of canola. BioControl 57: 49-59.
Fujita, K., Ofosu, K.G. and Ogata, S. 1992. Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume-cereal cropping system. Plant and Soil 144: 155-175.
Garratt, M. P. D., Wright, D. J. and Leather, S. R. 2011. The effects of farming system and fertilizers on pests and natural enemies: A synthesis of current research. Agriculture, Ecosystem &Environment 141: 261-270.
Gordon, R. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 93: 1- 912.
Kahuthia-Gathu, R., Löhr, B. and Poehling, H. M. 2008. Development and reproductive potential of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on cultivated and wild crucifer species in Kenya. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 28: 19-29.
Liu, S. and Jiang, L. 2003. Differential parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae by the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two host plants. Bulletin Entomological Research 93: 65–72.
Liu, S. S., Wang, X. G., Guo, S. J., He, J. H. and Shi, Z. H. 2000. Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hangzhou, China. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90: 221–231.
Magurran, A. E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Oxford, Blackwell publishing.
Ogol, C. K. P. and Makatiani, J. 2007. Potential of companion crops in managing the diamondback moth in cabbage/kale cropping system in Kenya. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 8: 1029-1033.
Price, P. W. 1997. Insect ecology. 3rd edition, John Willey and Sons, Inc. New York.
Sarfraz, M. and Keddie, B. A. 2005. Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 129: 149–157.
Sarfraz, M., Dosdall, L. M. and Keddie, B. A. 2006. Diamondback moth–host plant interactions: implications for pest management. Crop Protection 25: 625–639.
Sarfraz, M., Keddie, B. A. and Dosdall, L. M. 2005. Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.): a review. Biocontrol Science and Technology 15: 763–789.
SAS Institute 2005. SAS/Stat user guide. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
Shannon, C. E. and Weaver, W. 1949. A mathematical model of communication. Urbana, IL:  University of Illinois Press.
Shelton, A. M., Wilsey, W. T., Hoebeke, E. R. and Schmaedick, M. A. 2002. Parasitoids of cabbage Lepidoptera in Central New York. Journal of Entomological Science 37: 270–271.
Shi, Z. H., Li, Q. B. and Li, X. 2004. Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hym., Braconidae) in parasitizing Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidea). Journal of Applied Entomology 128: 437–444.
Sow, G., Arvanitakis, L., Niassy, S., Diarra, K. and Bordat, D. 2013. Performance of the parasitoid Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on its host Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) under laboratory conditions. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 33: 38-45.
Talekar, N. S. and Shelton, A. M. 1993. Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology 38: 275–301
Talekar, N. S., Lee, S. T. and Huang, S. W. 1986. Intercropping and modification of irrigation method for the control of diamondback moth. Proceedings of the first international workshop on Diamondback moth management, 11-15 March, Tainan, Taiwan. pp. 145-151.
Tobias, V. I. 1995. Keys of the insects of the European part of the USSR, Vol. 3, Hymenoptera. Science Publishers, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Wold-Burkness, S. J., Hutchison, W. D., Lee, J. C., Hines, R. L., Bolin, P. C. and Heimpel, G. E. 2005. A long-term survey of parasitoid species composition and parasitism of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Minnesota cabbage. Journal of Entomological Science 40: 211–221.
Zhang, F. and Li, L. 2003. Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Plant and Soil 248: 305-312.