University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Evaluation of the trend of changes in olive oil quality at different levels of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Dip.: Tephritidae) infestation Evaluation of the trend of changes in olive oil quality at different levels of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Dip.: Tephritidae) infestation 1 13 5449 10.22124/iprj.2022.5449 FA A. R. Dadras Agricultural and Horticultural Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran A. Marouf Agricultural and Horticultural Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran M. Taheri Agricultural and Horticultural Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran M. Azimi Agricultural and Horticultural Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran A. Abdollahi Agricultural and Horticultural Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is one of the country's most important pests of olive products. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of olive fly damage on the quality of olive oil "Zard" cultivar across two years of storage from 2018 until 2020. Treatment levels including control and 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of olive fruit fly infestation were prepared manually. Then important quality indices of oil, including peroxide value, free acidity, and K232 and K270 extinction coefficients, were measured during nine stages at intervals of three months. The experiment was performed using a statistical design of repeated measures with three replications. The results showed that the differences between samples with different infestation percentages were significant in terms of peroxide and free acidity indices. Also, significant differences were observed between sampling time stages in each treatment level (control, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of olive fly infestation). However, in contrast, the difference between the samples was not significant for the extinction coefficients of 232 and 270 wavelengths. Based on the results, after 24 months, the acidity level in the sample with 50% of olive fly infestation increased by 57.58% and, in terms of peroxide value, was associated with a significant increase (more than 13 times increase). It should be noted that the value of peroxide for infestation percentages of 30, 40, and 50 percent in August 2020 and November 2020 exceeded the standard allowable. The results of this study indicate significant differences in peroxide value between control samples and samples infested with olive fly and different storage times. Hence, as infestation and storage time increases, the quality of olive oil decreases. The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is one of the country's most important pests of olive products. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of olive fly damage on the quality of olive oil "Zard" cultivar across two years of storage from 2018 until 2020. Treatment levels including control and 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of olive fruit fly infestation were prepared manually. Then important quality indices of oil, including peroxide value, free acidity, and K232 and K270 extinction coefficients, were measured during nine stages at intervals of three months. The experiment was performed using a statistical design of repeated measures with three replications. The results showed that the differences between samples with different infestation percentages were significant in terms of peroxide and free acidity indices. Also, significant differences were observed between sampling time stages in each treatment level (control, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of olive fly infestation). However, in contrast, the difference between the samples was not significant for the extinction coefficients of 232 and 270 wavelengths. Based on the results, after 24 months, the acidity level in the sample with 50% of olive fly infestation increased by 57.58% and, in terms of peroxide value, was associated with a significant increase (more than 13 times increase). It should be noted that the value of peroxide for infestation percentages of 30, 40, and 50 percent in August 2020 and November 2020 exceeded the standard allowable. The results of this study indicate significant differences in peroxide value between control samples and samples infested with olive fly and different storage times. Hence, as infestation and storage time increases, the quality of olive oil decreases.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5449_d7348049f8805de0b1e2020378e753bd.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Biological parameters of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) on different tomato cultivars Biological parameters of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) on different tomato cultivars 15 29 5450 10.22124/iprj.2022.5450 FA L. Khatami Department of Plant Protection, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran A. Ghassemi-Kahrizeh Department of Plant Protection, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran A. Hosseinzadeh Department of Plant Protection, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran Sh. Aramideh Department of Plant Protection, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2022 03 07 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is the most important and destructive tomato pest in South and Central America, Europe and Iran, which has caused severe damage to greenhouses and tomato fields. In this study, the biological characteristics of this pest were studied on seven commercial tomato cultivars including Kimia Falat, CH Falat, Y Falat, Super Stone, Rio Grand, King Stone and Super 2270 inside the growth chamber set at 25±2°C, 65±5% RH and 16L:8D h. Damage of this pest was also examined in different tomato cultivars. The highest larval period was obtained on King Stone cultivar (11.98 days) and the lowest on Rio Grand cultivar (9.83 days). The lowest (5.48 days) and the highest (8.54 days) oviposition periods were observed on King Stone and Rio Grand cultivars, respectively. Female lifespan ranged from 7.83 days on King Stone to 11.54 days on Rio Grand. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.105 day-1) was observed on King Stone cultivar and the highest (0.158 day-1) on Rio Grand cultivar. The lowest values of net reproduction rate (R0) and finite population growth rate (λ) on were recorded King Stone cultivar (25.54 offspring and 1.110 day-1, respectively) and the highest values of these two parameters on Rio Grand cultivar (81.28 offspring and 1.172 day-1, respectively). The lowest number of mines and also the lowest percentage of infected leaflets were on King Stone cultivar (19.25 and 19.33%, respectively) and the highest values of these parameters on Rio Grand cultivar (70.00 and 76.21%, respectively). According to the results of this study, King Stone cultivar is the most resistant and therefore it can be used in integrated management programs of T. absoluta. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is the most important and destructive tomato pest in South and Central America, Europe and Iran, which has caused severe damage to greenhouses and tomato fields. In this study, the biological characteristics of this pest were studied on seven commercial tomato cultivars including Kimia Falat, CH Falat, Y Falat, Super Stone, Rio Grand, King Stone and Super 2270 inside the growth chamber set at 25±2°C, 65±5% RH and 16L:8D h. Damage of this pest was also examined in different tomato cultivars. The highest larval period was obtained on King Stone cultivar (11.98 days) and the lowest on Rio Grand cultivar (9.83 days). The lowest (5.48 days) and the highest (8.54 days) oviposition periods were observed on King Stone and Rio Grand cultivars, respectively. Female lifespan ranged from 7.83 days on King Stone to 11.54 days on Rio Grand. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.105 day-1) was observed on King Stone cultivar and the highest (0.158 day-1) on Rio Grand cultivar. The lowest values of net reproduction rate (R0) and finite population growth rate (λ) on were recorded King Stone cultivar (25.54 offspring and 1.110 day-1, respectively) and the highest values of these two parameters on Rio Grand cultivar (81.28 offspring and 1.172 day-1, respectively). The lowest number of mines and also the lowest percentage of infected leaflets were on King Stone cultivar (19.25 and 19.33%, respectively) and the highest values of these parameters on Rio Grand cultivar (70.00 and 76.21%, respectively). According to the results of this study, King Stone cultivar is the most resistant and therefore it can be used in integrated management programs of T. absoluta.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5450_1053a63391e4a29f464b549193f8e6f8.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Population fluctuation and spatial distribution of oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis (Thy.: Phlaeothripidae) in oak forests of Javanrud county Population fluctuation and spatial distribution of oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis (Thy.: Phlaeothripidae) in oak forests of Javanrud county 31 37 5451 10.22124/iprj.2022.5451 FA M. Kakaei Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran A. A. Zamani Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran M. Mirab-balou گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران B. Miri Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 Oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis Uzel is found on oak trees in Zagros forests. In this study, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were investigated in oak forests of Javanrud county (Kermanshah province), in 2021. Oak leaves were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was performed every week from five different areas, so leaves were shaken on a white plastic tray and thrips specimens with a soft brush were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 75% alcohol. The results showed that the activity of oak thrips in all five studied areas was occurred on May and their activity and density gradually decreased until it reached its lowest level in September. The highest population density of oak thrips was observed on May with an average of 2.93 ± 0.56, 2.23 ± 0.47, 2.23 ± 0.34, and 0.90 ± 0.28 thrips per sample unit, in Sefid Barg, Bileei, Cheshme Miran and Helanie areas, respectively. However, the highest density was obtained in Hori Abad region in June with an average of 2.06 ± 0.43 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution showed that the spatial distribution of oak thrips based on Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s methods was random and aggregated, respectively. Furthermore, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest. Oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis Uzel is found on oak trees in Zagros forests. In this study, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were investigated in oak forests of Javanrud county (Kermanshah province), in 2021. Oak leaves were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was performed every week from five different areas, so leaves were shaken on a white plastic tray and thrips specimens with a soft brush were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 75% alcohol. The results showed that the activity of oak thrips in all five studied areas was occurred on May and their activity and density gradually decreased until it reached its lowest level in September. The highest population density of oak thrips was observed on May with an average of 2.93 ± 0.56, 2.23 ± 0.47, 2.23 ± 0.34, and 0.90 ± 0.28 thrips per sample unit, in Sefid Barg, Bileei, Cheshme Miran and Helanie areas, respectively. However, the highest density was obtained in Hori Abad region in June with an average of 2.06 ± 0.43 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution showed that the spatial distribution of oak thrips based on Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s methods was random and aggregated, respectively. Furthermore, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5451_a2263fb50c97912cd99abed443193828.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Evaluation of resistance of bean cultivars to greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood under greenhouse conditions Evaluation of resistance of bean cultivars to greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood under greenhouse conditions 39 49 5452 10.22124/iprj.2022.5452 FA T. Alizamani Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran A. Fazeli Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran M. Mirab-balou Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 The bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of protein in the human diet, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood is one of the limiting factors of this product. In this study, the effect of eight cultivars of bean were investigated on the amount of secondary metabolites of plant before and after infection with greenhouse whitefly and also its effects in the plant growth stages on pest density. Results showed the effect of the bean cultivars on the amount of secondary compounds of plant before and after the infection of greenhouse whiteflies were significant. The highest values of phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin were observed on P and Mutant cultivars and the lowest amounts of these compounds recorded on F cultivar. In addition, there were a significant difference on density of whitefly’s nymphs in different cultivars of bean. The highest density of nymphs observed in F and Smaller cultivars and the lowest density was observed in P and Mutant cultivars. Effect of different growth stages of plant was not significant on density of greenhouse whitefly, but the interaction of cultivars and different growth stages of plant were significant on density of nymphs. The highest density of nymphs was recorded on F cultivar in 2-4 leaf stage and the lowest density on the same growth stage in P and Mutant. Therefore, P and Mutant were identified as resistant cultivars and F as a sensitive cultivar. So, resistant cultivars can be used in integrated management programs of whitefly. The bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of protein in the human diet, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood is one of the limiting factors of this product. In this study, the effect of eight cultivars of bean were investigated on the amount of secondary metabolites of plant before and after infection with greenhouse whitefly and also its effects in the plant growth stages on pest density. Results showed the effect of the bean cultivars on the amount of secondary compounds of plant before and after the infection of greenhouse whiteflies were significant. The highest values of phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin were observed on P and Mutant cultivars and the lowest amounts of these compounds recorded on F cultivar. In addition, there were a significant difference on density of whitefly’s nymphs in different cultivars of bean. The highest density of nymphs observed in F and Smaller cultivars and the lowest density was observed in P and Mutant cultivars. Effect of different growth stages of plant was not significant on density of greenhouse whitefly, but the interaction of cultivars and different growth stages of plant were significant on density of nymphs. The highest density of nymphs was recorded on F cultivar in 2-4 leaf stage and the lowest density on the same growth stage in P and Mutant. Therefore, P and Mutant were identified as resistant cultivars and F as a sensitive cultivar. So, resistant cultivars can be used in integrated management programs of whitefly.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5452_2790c58ca9f8e792d2ae82b980f63b35.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Effects of garlic emulsion and low temperature in control of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae) Effects of garlic emulsion and low temperature in control of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae) 51 61 5453 10.22124/iprj.2022.5453 FA F. Nasrollahi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran M. Ghane-Jahromi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran A. Sedaratian-Jahromi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran H. Sahraeian Plant Protection Organization of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 Protecting stored products from pest’s attacks has been often as one of the most important concerns of human societies. Regarding adverse effects of chemical insecticides, main priority in management programs of stored product pests is to find safe alternatives. In the present study, insecticide effects of garlic emulsion (Sirinol®) and low temperatures of 0 and 2 °C in the independent and integrated assays on the adult stage of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated. A completely randomized design was conducted to accomplish the experiments at 27±1 °C, R.H. of 65±5%, and darkness. Based on the results obtained from probit analyses, the LC50 values for Sirinol® on T. castaneum after 24, 48, and 72 h. were estimated as 71.61, 66.96, and 61.20 μl/l, respectively. The time required for temperatures of 0 and 2 °C to kill 50% of T. castaneum (LT50) were calculated as 82.17 and 107.15 h., respectively. In integrated assays, mortality of T. castaneum in two conditions of using LC50 of Sirinol® and exposure to low temperature of 0 °C for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. and exposure to 0 °C for 82 h. and treatment with concentrations 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80 μl/l of Sirinol®, were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that both garlic emulsion and low temperature caused considerable mortality in population of T. castaneum. Furthermore, integrated treatments had also reliable effects on this pest. The findings of present study could be so helpful for reducing adverse effects of chemical pesticides in the integrated management of red flour beetle. Protecting stored products from pest’s attacks has been often as one of the most important concerns of human societies. Regarding adverse effects of chemical insecticides, main priority in management programs of stored product pests is to find safe alternatives. In the present study, insecticide effects of garlic emulsion (Sirinol®) and low temperatures of 0 and 2 °C in the independent and integrated assays on the adult stage of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated. A completely randomized design was conducted to accomplish the experiments at 27±1 °C, R.H. of 65±5%, and darkness. Based on the results obtained from probit analyses, the LC50 values for Sirinol® on T. castaneum after 24, 48, and 72 h. were estimated as 71.61, 66.96, and 61.20 μl/l, respectively. The time required for temperatures of 0 and 2 °C to kill 50% of T. castaneum (LT50) were calculated as 82.17 and 107.15 h., respectively. In integrated assays, mortality of T. castaneum in two conditions of using LC50 of Sirinol® and exposure to low temperature of 0 °C for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. and exposure to 0 °C for 82 h. and treatment with concentrations 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80 μl/l of Sirinol®, were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that both garlic emulsion and low temperature caused considerable mortality in population of T. castaneum. Furthermore, integrated treatments had also reliable effects on this pest. The findings of present study could be so helpful for reducing adverse effects of chemical pesticides in the integrated management of red flour beetle.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5453_d1a1933b06163fc17bc6bef6eeb6b4e0.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Effect of different amount of flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella eggs and second feeding on its larva production in insectarium condition Effect of different amount of flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella eggs and second feeding on its larva production in insectarium condition 63 75 5454 10.22124/iprj.2022.5454 FA M. Mirhoseini Moghadam Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran S. Hesami Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 Mediterranean flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) is considered as one of the hosts that used for mass rearing of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym.: Braconidae). In this research effects of five amounts of flour moth eggs (0.4, 0.5, 6.0, 0.7 and 0.8 gr) on a constant diet (1.5 kg of wheat flour and 0.5 kg of rice bran) and five amount of wheat flour that added as second feeding at the mid of rearing period (0, 0.25, 0.5 0.75 and 1 kg) were investigated on some larval morphological characteristics and sex ratio and fertility of adults moths. Results showed that maximum weight of 100 larvae (3.35 gr), was obtained in minimum amount of egg weight (0.4 gr) and maximum secondary feeding (1 kg). While, maximum total larvae weight in a treatment (254 gr), was recorded in 0.8 gr egg weight and 1 kg flour weight as secondary feeding. Also highest female/male sex ratio (1.29: 1) observed in 0.5 gr egg weight and zero secondary feeding. On the other hand, bigger larvae that reared on higher amount of flour, laid higher amount of eggs and their eggs were heavier too. According to results, for the best outcome in flour moth rearing in insectarium it would be suggested that at the beginning 0.4-0.5 gr of insect eggs should be added to 2 kg of rearing media and after that 0.8-1 kg of wheat flour should be added to this diet at the mid of rearing period. Mediterranean flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) is considered as one of the hosts that used for mass rearing of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym.: Braconidae). In this research effects of five amounts of flour moth eggs (0.4, 0.5, 6.0, 0.7 and 0.8 gr) on a constant diet (1.5 kg of wheat flour and 0.5 kg of rice bran) and five amount of wheat flour that added as second feeding at the mid of rearing period (0, 0.25, 0.5 0.75 and 1 kg) were investigated on some larval morphological characteristics and sex ratio and fertility of adults moths. Results showed that maximum weight of 100 larvae (3.35 gr), was obtained in minimum amount of egg weight (0.4 gr) and maximum secondary feeding (1 kg). While, maximum total larvae weight in a treatment (254 gr), was recorded in 0.8 gr egg weight and 1 kg flour weight as secondary feeding. Also highest female/male sex ratio (1.29: 1) observed in 0.5 gr egg weight and zero secondary feeding. On the other hand, bigger larvae that reared on higher amount of flour, laid higher amount of eggs and their eggs were heavier too. According to results, for the best outcome in flour moth rearing in insectarium it would be suggested that at the beginning 0.4-0.5 gr of insect eggs should be added to 2 kg of rearing media and after that 0.8-1 kg of wheat flour should be added to this diet at the mid of rearing period.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5454_53c9186112d6238c6175444f93996a7a.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2538-6123 11 4 2022 02 20 Host plant preference, host stage preference and switching behavior of Aphidius platensis (Hym.: Braconidae) to green peach aphid Host plant preference, host stage preference and switching behavior of Aphidius platensis (Hym.: Braconidae) to green peach aphid 77 89 5455 10.22124/iprj.2022.5455 FA F. Khaki Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran A. Nazari Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Food Security Research Institute, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran H. Madadi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Z. Rafiee Kerahroodi Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 07 Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hem.: Aphididae), is a serious and global pest of vegetable and greenhouse crops. Developing a strategy for the control of this pest and creating a mass-rearing program of its parasitoid Aphidius platensis (Hym.: Braconidae) needs to be examined in terms of host plant preference, host stage preference and switching behavior of A. platensis. Host stage preference and switching behavior carried on third and fourth instars of green peach aphid and host plant preference was studied by sweet pepper and eggplant. All experiments were conducted at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% RH, and 16:8 h L: D photoperiod. Data analysis showed that A. platensis parasitized all nymphal stages of M. persicae, however, it preferred third and fourth green peach aphid instars. Furthermore, it has been revealed the parasitism rate of A. platensis on pepper-reared aphids (85.5%) was significantly higher than those reared on eggplant (28.5%). It has also been confirmed that the number of parasitized nymphs varied at different ratios of host stages (mixture of third and fourth instars) and the number of host parasitized increased with increasing the contribution of that stage in host stage ratio. These results could be useful to develop a mass-rearing program of A. platensis. Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hem.: Aphididae), is a serious and global pest of vegetable and greenhouse crops. Developing a strategy for the control of this pest and creating a mass-rearing program of its parasitoid Aphidius platensis (Hym.: Braconidae) needs to be examined in terms of host plant preference, host stage preference and switching behavior of A. platensis. Host stage preference and switching behavior carried on third and fourth instars of green peach aphid and host plant preference was studied by sweet pepper and eggplant. All experiments were conducted at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% RH, and 16:8 h L: D photoperiod. Data analysis showed that A. platensis parasitized all nymphal stages of M. persicae, however, it preferred third and fourth green peach aphid instars. Furthermore, it has been revealed the parasitism rate of A. platensis on pepper-reared aphids (85.5%) was significantly higher than those reared on eggplant (28.5%). It has also been confirmed that the number of parasitized nymphs varied at different ratios of host stages (mixture of third and fourth instars) and the number of host parasitized increased with increasing the contribution of that stage in host stage ratio. These results could be useful to develop a mass-rearing program of A. platensis.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5455_4294bde1942a343dbc51104add1438fd.pdf