University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Insecticidal effects of ajwain and cumin essential oils against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae: Fumigant toxicity, antinutritional activity, and effect on biological and population parameters Insecticidal effects of ajwain and cumin essential oils against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae: Fumigant toxicity, antinutritional activity, and effect on biological and population parameters 1 15 8644 10.22124/iprj.2025.29459.1620 FA A. Ebadollahi Department of Plant Sciences, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 01 The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), is one of the most damaging pests of cereal grains such as rice, wheat, barley, and corn in Iran and many countries worldwide. In the present study, the insecticidal activities of cumin and ajwain essential oils on the rice weevil were assessed. The chemical composition analyses of essential oils showed that β-pinene, cumin aldehyde, cymene, and γ-Terpinenein cumin essential oil and cymene, thymol, γ-Terpinene, and α-pinene in ajwain essential oil were the dominant compounds. The 24-hour LC50 values of cumin and ajwain essential oils were evaluated as 100.89 and 172.48 μl/l, respectively. Treatment of rice weevil adults with LC30 values of cumin and ajwain essential oils (74.28 and 130.31 μl/l, respectively) significantly increased the developmental time of the pest's immature stages. The pre-oviposition period of adults and the total pre-oviposition period significantly increased with the application of essential oils compared to the control group. The fecundity and longevity of male and female adults, along with various population parameters, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproductive rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (λ) were diminished upon exposure to the essential oils.. The nutritional indices of the pest including consumption index, relative consumption rate, and relative growth rate also reduced under the influence of LC30 values of cumin and ajwain essential oils. Therefore, cumin and ajwain essential oils are recommended for further research as efficient and eco-friendly natural pesticides to replace hazardous chemical agents in rice weevil management. The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), is one of the most damaging pests of cereal grains such as rice, wheat, barley, and corn in Iran and many countries worldwide. In the present study, the insecticidal activities of cumin and ajwain essential oils on the rice weevil were assessed. The chemical composition analyses of essential oils showed that β-pinene, cumin aldehyde, cymene, and γ-Terpinenein cumin essential oil and cymene, thymol, γ-Terpinene, and α-pinene in ajwain essential oil were the dominant compounds. The 24-hour LC50 values of cumin and ajwain essential oils were evaluated as 100.89 and 172.48 μl/l, respectively. Treatment of rice weevil adults with LC30 values of cumin and ajwain essential oils (74.28 and 130.31 μl/l, respectively) significantly increased the developmental time of the pest's immature stages. The pre-oviposition period of adults and the total pre-oviposition period significantly increased with the application of essential oils compared to the control group. The fecundity and longevity of male and female adults, along with various population parameters, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproductive rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (λ) were diminished upon exposure to the essential oils.. The nutritional indices of the pest including consumption index, relative consumption rate, and relative growth rate also reduced under the influence of LC30 values of cumin and ajwain essential oils. Therefore, cumin and ajwain essential oils are recommended for further research as efficient and eco-friendly natural pesticides to replace hazardous chemical agents in rice weevil management.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8644_888205db1f3e030a7e599e8f417cc156.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Effect of washing treatment on the efficiency of chemical control of olive psyllid in Tehran’s urban green space Effect of washing treatment on the efficiency of chemical control of olive psyllid in Tehran’s urban green space 17 30 8747 10.22124/iprj.2025.30006.1630 FA M. Rezaei Institute of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran S. M. Mortazavi Tehran Municipality, Green Area Research, Education and Advisory Center, Area 20, Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-1553-6559 E. Mohaghari Sharabiani Tehran Municipality, Green Area Research, Education and Advisory Center, Area 20, Tehran, Iran M. A. Mirhosseini Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 02 The olive psyllid, Euphyllura straminea Loginova, is one of the most important insect pests of the olive trees in Tehran’s urban green spaces. Many chemical control programs for this pest have been unsuccessful. This study investigated how washing treatment affects the efficacy of common chemical pesticides used to control olive psyllid adults and nymphs in Tehran's urban green spaces. The trees underwent a washing process five days prior to the application of insecticides during the initial ten days of June. Following the washing treatment, the white waxy secretions produced by the pest were removed. The treatments consisted of chlorpyrifos (EC 40.8%) 2000 ppm + emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, acetamiprid (SP 20%) 500 ppm + emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, Malathion (EC 57%) 2000 ppm + emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, and control. The number of individuals was recorded one day before and 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after spraying. The results indicated that pre-treatment tree-washing prior to the application of sprays markedly enhanced the efficacy of the interventions. In the context of nymphal control, the application of a washing treatment to trees resulted in an increase in percent efficiency of 22.10%, 30.48%, 33.43%, and 17.58% on the third day of sampling for the specified treatments, respectively. To attain effective management of the olive psyllid population while adhering to aesthetic standards in urban green spaces, it is advisable to wash the trees prior to the application of insecticides. This practice is intended to improve the efficacy of the chemical treatments and reduce the need for subsequent applications. The application of biocompatible insecticides that are safe for natural enemies is also advised. The olive psyllid, Euphyllura straminea Loginova, is one of the most important insect pests of the olive trees in Tehran’s urban green spaces. Many chemical control programs for this pest have been unsuccessful. This study investigated how washing treatment affects the efficacy of common chemical pesticides used to control olive psyllid adults and nymphs in Tehran's urban green spaces. The trees underwent a washing process five days prior to the application of insecticides during the initial ten days of June. Following the washing treatment, the white waxy secretions produced by the pest were removed. The treatments consisted of chlorpyrifos (EC 40.8%) 2000 ppm + emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, acetamiprid (SP 20%) 500 ppm + emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, Malathion (EC 57%) 2000 ppm + emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, emulsifiable oil (L 80%) 3000 ppm, and control. The number of individuals was recorded one day before and 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after spraying. The results indicated that pre-treatment tree-washing prior to the application of sprays markedly enhanced the efficacy of the interventions. In the context of nymphal control, the application of a washing treatment to trees resulted in an increase in percent efficiency of 22.10%, 30.48%, 33.43%, and 17.58% on the third day of sampling for the specified treatments, respectively. To attain effective management of the olive psyllid population while adhering to aesthetic standards in urban green spaces, it is advisable to wash the trees prior to the application of insecticides. This practice is intended to improve the efficacy of the chemical treatments and reduce the need for subsequent applications. The application of biocompatible insecticides that are safe for natural enemies is also advised.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8747_ffccfe02ee663181b9da8420516dbebe.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Mites of the subfamily Pergamasinae (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) of Guilan Province with new records and identification key for Iranian species Mites of the subfamily Pergamasinae (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) of Guilan Province with new records and identification key for Iranian species 31 52 8763 10.22124/iprj.2025.30429.1635 FA M. Javadpour Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran J. Hajizadeh Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Y. Fathipour Department of Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 19 During 2023-2024, fauna of the subfamily Pergasaminae (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) was investigated in Guilan province, North of Iran. In this study, seven species belonging to five genera were collected and identified. All identified species are new for mite fauna of Guilan Province. The species Anidogamasus celticus (Bhattacharyya), A. wasmanni (Oudemans), Dyoneogamasus speculiger (Athias-Henriot), Holoparasitus tuberculatus Juvara-Bals, Pergamasus (Pergamasus) beklemischevi Sellnick, P. (Thenargamasus) quisquiliarum (G. & R. Canestrini) and Tomeogamasus falculiger (Berlese) are new records for mite’s fauna of Guilan province and Anidogamasus celticus (Bhattacharyya), A. wasmanni (Oudemans), Dyoneogamasus speculiger (Athias-Henriot), Holoparasitus tuberculatus Juvara-Bals, and Pergamasus (Pergamasus) beklemischevi Sellnick for mite’s fauna of Iran. The list of species, collection data, and differential characteristics of newly recorded species for fauna of Iran are provided. Additionally, an identification key to the Iranian species of subfamily Pergasaminae has been compiled. During 2023-2024, fauna of the subfamily Pergasaminae (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) was investigated in Guilan province, North of Iran. In this study, seven species belonging to five genera were collected and identified. All identified species are new for mite fauna of Guilan Province. The species Anidogamasus celticus (Bhattacharyya), A. wasmanni (Oudemans), Dyoneogamasus speculiger (Athias-Henriot), Holoparasitus tuberculatus Juvara-Bals, Pergamasus (Pergamasus) beklemischevi Sellnick, P. (Thenargamasus) quisquiliarum (G. & R. Canestrini) and Tomeogamasus falculiger (Berlese) are new records for mite’s fauna of Guilan province and Anidogamasus celticus (Bhattacharyya), A. wasmanni (Oudemans), Dyoneogamasus speculiger (Athias-Henriot), Holoparasitus tuberculatus Juvara-Bals, and Pergamasus (Pergamasus) beklemischevi Sellnick for mite’s fauna of Iran. The list of species, collection data, and differential characteristics of newly recorded species for fauna of Iran are provided. Additionally, an identification key to the Iranian species of subfamily Pergasaminae has been compiled.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8763_87e5c617f0244d3d19c39dd87af454c7.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Comparison of the infestation level of three orange cultivars by the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dip.: Tephritidae) Comparison of the infestation level of three orange cultivars by the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dip.: Tephritidae) 53 63 8807 10.22124/iprj.2025.30404.1634 FA Z. A. Bayegan Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran S. A. A. Fathi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran A. Golizadeh Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran J. Razmjou Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran M. Hassanpour Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-5409-428X S. Emdadi Food Sciences and Technology Department, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 17 The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is a key pest of citrus trees in northern Iran. In this study, the effect of three citrus cultivars (Siavarz, Thomson-Novel, and Blood Orange) on the population abundance and damage of the Mediterranean fruit fly was investigated in an experimental orchard in 2021 and 2022. Furthermore, the host preference of females towards the fruits of three orange cultivars was investigated in the laboratory. Later, the contents of volatile compounds in the fruits of three cultivars were measured. The results of field experiments showed that the number of C. capitata adults per trap, the number of larvae per fruit, and the percentage of infested fruits were lower in Blood Orange compared to Siavarz. The results of host preference experiments showed that the lowest and highest number of oviposition holes and larvae per fruit were observed on Blood Orange and Siavarz, respectively. The fruits of Blood Orange, with more levels of alpha and beta pinenes (0.5%) and linalool (0.4%) compared to the other two cultivars, were more likely to repel C. capitata females from egg-laying. The fruits of Siavers, with lower levels of alpha- and beta-pinene (0.2%) and linalool (0.1%), were more likely to attract C. capitata females for egg-laying. These findings indicate that the concentration of volatile compounds in three orange cultivars affects the host preference of C. capitata. Therefore, identifying cultivars containing volatile organic compounds that repel the Mediterranean fruit fly can be effective in citrus cultivar breeding and pest management programs. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is a key pest of citrus trees in northern Iran. In this study, the effect of three citrus cultivars (Siavarz, Thomson-Novel, and Blood Orange) on the population abundance and damage of the Mediterranean fruit fly was investigated in an experimental orchard in 2021 and 2022. Furthermore, the host preference of females towards the fruits of three orange cultivars was investigated in the laboratory. Later, the contents of volatile compounds in the fruits of three cultivars were measured. The results of field experiments showed that the number of C. capitata adults per trap, the number of larvae per fruit, and the percentage of infested fruits were lower in Blood Orange compared to Siavarz. The results of host preference experiments showed that the lowest and highest number of oviposition holes and larvae per fruit were observed on Blood Orange and Siavarz, respectively. The fruits of Blood Orange, with more levels of alpha and beta pinenes (0.5%) and linalool (0.4%) compared to the other two cultivars, were more likely to repel C. capitata females from egg-laying. The fruits of Siavers, with lower levels of alpha- and beta-pinene (0.2%) and linalool (0.1%), were more likely to attract C. capitata females for egg-laying. These findings indicate that the concentration of volatile compounds in three orange cultivars affects the host preference of C. capitata. Therefore, identifying cultivars containing volatile organic compounds that repel the Mediterranean fruit fly can be effective in citrus cultivar breeding and pest management programs.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8807_8adb6c4d01e4b18604669980c01cabb3.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Toxicity and persistence of two insecticides, thiodicarb and indoxacarb against parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor on cotton plants Toxicity and persistence of two insecticides, thiodicarb and indoxacarb against parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor on cotton plants 65 83 8809 10.22124/iprj.2025.30379.1633 FA A. J. Badakhshi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Faryab University, Maymana, Afghanistan 0009-0002-1895-7559 A. Afhsari Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran M. Yazdanian Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 15 In this research, lethal and sublethal toxicity and persistence of the field recommended concentration of two insecticides, thiodicarb and indoxacarb, were investigated against the parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) on cotton plants and categorized according to the IOBC standard classes. The results showed that thiodicarb had greater lethal toxicity against adult parasitoid wasp (up to 77.9% mortality) than indoxacarb and was categorized as a harmful insecticide (group 4) based on the “total effect” (mortality+ fecundity reduction). Thiodicarb was also highly toxic to immature stages of parasitoid and reduced egg hatching and survival of larvae by 95.9% and 82.8%, respectively compared to the control. The lethal and sublethal toxicities of indoxacarb were significantly lower than those of thiodicarb, with a maximum mortality of 27.34% and a fertility reduction of 48.7%, and it was classified as ranging from slightly harmful (group 2) to moderately harmful (group 3) insecticide. Thiodicarb residues were more persistent on cotton plants than those of indoxacarb and its “total effect” on the parasitoid was more than 25% for 22 days after spraying. Therefore, it was classified as a “moderately persistent” (group 3) insecticide according to the IOBC standard classes. In contrast, total effects of indoxacarb reached to the harmless level (<25%) 10 days after spraying, and it was classified as a “slightly persistent” (group 2) insecticide. In order to conserve H. hebetor population in cotton fields, it is recommended that thiodicarb be replaced with a less harmful insecticide and to allow at least a 10-day "waiting period" between the application of indoxacarb and the large-scale release of the parasitoid wasp. In this research, lethal and sublethal toxicity and persistence of the field recommended concentration of two insecticides, thiodicarb and indoxacarb, were investigated against the parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) on cotton plants and categorized according to the IOBC standard classes. The results showed that thiodicarb had greater lethal toxicity against adult parasitoid wasp (up to 77.9% mortality) than indoxacarb and was categorized as a harmful insecticide (group 4) based on the “total effect” (mortality+ fecundity reduction). Thiodicarb was also highly toxic to immature stages of parasitoid and reduced egg hatching and survival of larvae by 95.9% and 82.8%, respectively compared to the control. The lethal and sublethal toxicities of indoxacarb were significantly lower than those of thiodicarb, with a maximum mortality of 27.34% and a fertility reduction of 48.7%, and it was classified as ranging from slightly harmful (group 2) to moderately harmful (group 3) insecticide. Thiodicarb residues were more persistent on cotton plants than those of indoxacarb and its “total effect” on the parasitoid was more than 25% for 22 days after spraying. Therefore, it was classified as a “moderately persistent” (group 3) insecticide according to the IOBC standard classes. In contrast, total effects of indoxacarb reached to the harmless level (<25%) 10 days after spraying, and it was classified as a “slightly persistent” (group 2) insecticide. In order to conserve H. hebetor population in cotton fields, it is recommended that thiodicarb be replaced with a less harmful insecticide and to allow at least a 10-day "waiting period" between the application of indoxacarb and the large-scale release of the parasitoid wasp.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8809_d4f7529bbdd7378474f91625fac53b18.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Sublethal effects of entomopathogenic fungi species, Beauveria bassiana and B. pseudobassiana, on Aphis gossypii Sublethal effects of entomopathogenic fungi species, Beauveria bassiana and B. pseudobassiana, on Aphis gossypii 85 96 8825 10.22124/iprj.2025.30580.1637 FA F. Bazgir Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran J. Shakarami Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran E. Bazgir Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 04 In the present study, the sublethal effects (LC25) of native strains of two important entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species, Beauveria bassiana OQ421528 and B. pseudobassiana OQ421529, on the biological attributes of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were evaluated under laboratory conditions (25±1°C, relative humidity of 65±10%, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D). The LC25 values of B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana were 9.35×10³ and 4.54×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹, respectively. The fungal treatments increased development time and reduced survival rate, adult longevity, and fecundity compared to the control. The results indicated that the longest pre-adult development of A. gossypii was 5.62 days in the B. bassiana treatment and in the control treatment was 4.48 days. Exposure to the LC25 of B. bassiana significantly reduced the adult longevity of A. gossypii compared to B. pseudobassiana and control treatments. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were highest in the control group and lowest in the B. bassiana treatment. Fungal infection contributed to a reduced net reproductive rate (R0) in treated individuals with B. bassiana (18.67 offspring/individual) and B. pseudobassiana (53.12 offspring/individual) compared to the control (77.63 offspring/individual). The results of this study indicated that the tested pathogenic fungi could serve as suitable alternatives in integrated pest management (IPM) programs against A. gossypii and B. bassiana OQ421528 being the most promising pathogenic fungus for further investigation. In the present study, the sublethal effects (LC25) of native strains of two important entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species, Beauveria bassiana OQ421528 and B. pseudobassiana OQ421529, on the biological attributes of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were evaluated under laboratory conditions (25±1°C, relative humidity of 65±10%, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D). The LC25 values of B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana were 9.35×10³ and 4.54×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹, respectively. The fungal treatments increased development time and reduced survival rate, adult longevity, and fecundity compared to the control. The results indicated that the longest pre-adult development of A. gossypii was 5.62 days in the B. bassiana treatment and in the control treatment was 4.48 days. Exposure to the LC25 of B. bassiana significantly reduced the adult longevity of A. gossypii compared to B. pseudobassiana and control treatments. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were highest in the control group and lowest in the B. bassiana treatment. Fungal infection contributed to a reduced net reproductive rate (R0) in treated individuals with B. bassiana (18.67 offspring/individual) and B. pseudobassiana (53.12 offspring/individual) compared to the control (77.63 offspring/individual). The results of this study indicated that the tested pathogenic fungi could serve as suitable alternatives in integrated pest management (IPM) programs against A. gossypii and B. bassiana OQ421528 being the most promising pathogenic fungus for further investigation.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8825_c3f8ef7f2e52c5e8529a695aa2c14be4.pdf

University of Guilan Plant Pest Research 2322-2409 15 1 2025 05 22 Damage report caused by two herbivorous thrips in lime greenhouses in Sari, Mazandaran province Damage report caused by two herbivorous thrips in lime greenhouses in Sari, Mazandaran province 97 101 8690 10.22124/iprj.2025.30043.1631 FA M. Shayanmehr Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran E. Yoosefi Lafooraki Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran A. Bakhshi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran 0000-0001-7671-8156 M. Mirab-Balou Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 05 The outbreak of thrips infestations in lime tree flowers within newly built greenhouses in Sari, Mazandaran province, has raised significant concerns among local growers. In 2023–2024 a study conducted in one of lime greenhouses in Sari County, two thrips species Thrips hawaiiensis and Frankliniella occidentalis were frequently collected and identified from lime blossoms. Thrips sampling was conducted in multiple phases throughout the study period. In all collected samples, T. hawaiiensis was consistently present in high population densities, whereas F. occidentalis occurred at significantly lower population levels on the lime blossoms. The study examined two lime cultivars: Limeqoat and Persian Lime. While Limeqoat exhibits continuous flowering throughout the year under greenhouse conditions, Persian Lime has a seasonal flowering pattern. Consequently, thrips infestation caused significantly greater damage to Limeqoat due to its year-round floral availability. The outbreak of thrips infestations in lime tree flowers within newly built greenhouses in Sari, Mazandaran province, has raised significant concerns among local growers. In 2023–2024 a study conducted in one of lime greenhouses in Sari County, two thrips species Thrips hawaiiensis and Frankliniella occidentalis were frequently collected and identified from lime blossoms. Thrips sampling was conducted in multiple phases throughout the study period. In all collected samples, T. hawaiiensis was consistently present in high population densities, whereas F. occidentalis occurred at significantly lower population levels on the lime blossoms. The study examined two lime cultivars: Limeqoat and Persian Lime. While Limeqoat exhibits continuous flowering throughout the year under greenhouse conditions, Persian Lime has a seasonal flowering pattern. Consequently, thrips infestation caused significantly greater damage to Limeqoat due to its year-round floral availability.

https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8690_d6905863c69a17db91cfc42659e99e92.pdf